Ohio Environmental Law Blog : Ohio Environmental Lawyer & Attorney : Joseph Koncelik : Frantz Ward Law Firm : Environmental Regulation, Land Use, Compliance : Cleveland, Ohio

Ohio does not have regulations governing the disposal or recycling of consumer electronic waste.  State legislation has been adopted by at least nineteen other states to encourage the recycling of e-waste and divert computers and other electronic equipment from landfills. 

Why manage e-waste differently? E-waste components can contain hazardous or toxic compounds that make it different than other household municipal waste. 

Recently, Representative Dennis Murray introduced legislation (H.B. 447) designed to encourage the recycling of e-waste in the state.  Sponsor testimony will be heard this Wednesday. 

The bill is directed at manufacturers who produce and sell computers, printers and video equipment.   Some of the key elements of the proposed legislation include:

• Registration-  Requires all manufacturers of electronics to register with Ohio EPA.
• Fee-  Manufactures must pay an annual registration fee of $5,000 to pay for administration of the program
• Take-Back Programs-  By April 2011 mandate computer and video display consumer take back programs.  Allow consumers to mail or drops of equipment at stores for recycling by the manufacturer
• Prohibit sales- Without registration or a take back program
• Reporting-  Manufacturers must report to the State on the success of their take-back programs

The Electronics Take-Back Coalition maintains a good website that provides information regarding state and federal efforts to mandate recycling of electronic waste.  The web site provides a great resource to compare and contrast state legislation that has been adopted in other states with the Ohio proposal.

The chart above from the Coalition web page provides some interesting information regarding recycling rates.  Certainly, more can be done in Ohio to manage e-waste issues.

The Legislation may cast too broad of a net (covering too many products) or places too onerous requirements on manufacturer take-back programs.  However, there is good information available to compare Ohio to the other nineteen (19) states operating programs.  Ohio stands to learn from what has worked and what hasn't worked in these other states. 

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Today, Ohio EPA released its response to the federal court ruling which struck down the exemption from BAT for sources that emit less than 10 tons per year.  The memo makes clear that it supplants the February 2nd e-mail instructing staff to not issue air permits until the ruling was evaluated. 

There are few surprises in the memo.  It basically states sources will have to go back to case-by-case BAT evaluations.  This was what Senate Bill 265 was designed to eliminate.  Therefore, three years after passage of the bill the status quo remains. 

The memo also says Ohio EPA has supplied some information to U.S. EPA to support the rule exempting sources less than 10 tons per year.  However, U.S. EPA requested additional information which it could not supply due to staffing shortages.  The memo contains no discussion of what has been supplied or what additional information is going to be collected. 

The memo also points out that there may be instances when sources less than 10 tons per year have more stringent regulations than sources greater than 10 tons per year.  I don't anyone anticipated that outcome three years after passage of Senate Bill 265.

Also, notably absent is any discussion of the status of air permits that were issued over the last three years without BAT in accordance with the exemption. The memo only states that Ohio EPA has yet to make a decision as whether to go back and re-issue these permits.  Businesses holding these permits received no word as to whether they are still considered valid or subject to potential federal enforcement. 

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Major uncertainty surrounds Ohio's air permtting program.   I use the term "certainty" because that was the buzz word utilized when business groups fought hard for major reforms that eventually were passed in Senate Bill 265 in 2006. 

Back in 2006, business groups were concerned that  Ohio's system for issuing air permits was far more onerous and unpredictable than other states.  The focus of attention was the requirement to install Best Available Technology (BAT) on smaller sources of air pollution.  

Business groups complained BAT was imposed on an "ad-hoc" case-by-case basis.  Individual permit reviewers could develop inconsistent determinations as what constituted BAT on same or similar sources.  The goal was to get away from this uncertain application of BAT.

The two major reforms secured in Senate Bill 265:

1. All sources less than 10 tons per year (tpy) were no longer required to install BAT
2. For all sources larger than 10 tpy, Ohio EPA could only require BAT through rulemaking that defined BAT consistent with elements set forth in S.B. 265.  It was contemplated the rules would spell out the requirements for various source categories.  Thus, providing certainty by avoiding case-by-case determinations of BAT.

What is the status of air permitting in Ohio three years after passage of these reforms? 

• Business have far less certainty regarding Ohio's permitting process than they did three years ago (prior to S.B. 265)
• Businesses are caught in a stalemate between U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA that could subject them to federal enforcement and make their permits invalid
• Ohio businesses are no closer to avoiding case-by-case BAT decisions as they were three years ago
• In some cases, businesses will take longer to get their permits and still have the same level of required controls
• The two major reforms (the less than 10 tpy exemption and BAT through rulemaking for larger sources) will never be implemented unless hard choices are made.

To preserve the two major reforms, means facing the reality that federal law requires Ohio demonstrate the changes are valid. How does Ohio demonstrate validity?

1. Ohio EPA would have to quantify the lost reductions from "weakening" the BAT requirement (something Ohio EPA hasn't done in three years).
2. The business community will have to help direct the Agency in identifying new air pollution control programs that can be used to offset the lost reductions attributable to BAT.

Less Than 10 TPY Exemption

My last post discussed the recent federal court ruling which determined the exemption from installing BAT for sources smaller than 10 tpy was inconsistent with federal law.  The Court found Ohio EPA failed to properly revise its State Implementation Plan (SIP- the State plan for how it will meet federal air quality standards).

At issue, was a prohibition contained in the Clean Air Act called "anti-backsliding."  In essence, if a state is going to reduce air pollution requirements on one set of sources it must make up for lost reductions by imposing more stringent controls someplace else.

The response to the Court decision by some business groups is to urge Ohio EPA to appeal the Magistrate's decision.  This from the Ohio Manufacturer Association (OMA) Web page regarding the decision:

The OMA is urging the Ohio EPA to mount a vigorous defense of this common sense regulatory reform through all available legal channels.

However, even if the Agency successfully challenged the Magistrate's decision on appeal, I don't see how this fixes things for the business community. At issue in the Magistrate's decision was a Citizen Group's rights to challenge a State's implementation of its SIP- Ohio's air pollution control plan.  

Regardless of the Citizen's suit, U.S. EPA has already put Ohio EPA on notice that it believes the less than 10 tpy BAT exemption is inconsistent with federal law.  U.S. EPA sent a letter back on June 5, 2008 that it could not approve Ohio's attempt to provide the 10 TPY exemption. 

Without U.S. EPA approval, all permits issued without BAT due to the state exemption could be deemed to violate federal law.  All those businesses holding those permits could be subject to federal enforcement action or their permits determined invalid. 

A win on appeal barring the Citizen Group from challenging Ohio EPA isn't truly a fix.  The harsh reality is the only way to fix things for the business community is for Ohio to make an approvable submittal to U.S. EPA.  To be approvable, Ohio will have to demonstrate their reforms don't violate "anti-backsliding."

To make such a demonstration, Ohio EPA must quantify the lost reductions attributable to the 10 TPY exemption- something I don't believe Ohio EPA has done in the three years since passage of S.B. 265.  After Ohio EPA quantifies the difference, it will have to work with the business community to come up with replacement controls to make up for the lost reductions. 

Anything short of developing a "true" fix, leaves the business community with greater uncertainty than it had prior to S.B. 265.

BAT Through Rule Making On Sources Greater Than 10 TPY

Things may even be more complicated for sources that emit more than 10 tpy.  S.B. 265 mandates that Ohio EPA specify BAT on these larger sources through rulemaking.  S.B. 265 provided a three year window to give Ohio EPA time to develop rules specifying BAT for different air pollution source categories. 

In the three years since, Ohio EPA has yet to finalize a single rule defining BAT.  Since the three year deadline has passed, State law now prohibits Ohio EPA from requiring BAT on sources larger than 10 tpy because it has not adopted rules consistent with S.B. 265.  This State law requirement is in conflict with the federal law which requires approval from U.S. EPA before it can be deemed effective. 

On December 10, 2009, Ohio EPA proposed a policy titled "BAT requirement for Permit Applications Filed on or After August 3, 2009."  [August 3rd was the deadline imposed by S.B. 265 after which Ohio EPA could only require BAT through rulemaking].  The Policy was put out for public comment which closed January 31, 2010.  The policy describes the current status as follows:

Ohio is currently working to develop short-term and long-term set of rules that would implement S.B. 265.  A short-term rule would define BAT on a case-by-case basis consistent with the S.B. 265 provisions.  Long-term rules would attempt to define BAT by category when possible.  However, neither short-term nor long-term rules have been developed. 

U.S. EPA has told Ohio EPA that issuing permits on or after August 3, 2009 without BAT would be considered by U.S. EPA as "backsliding" under the statutory provisions of the Clean Air Act and would not be acceptable. 

The policy goes on to say, because Ohio EPA has not adopted any BAT rules it will require BAT on a case-by-case basis to avoid "backsliding" claims. 

First of all...It's been three years since passage of S.B. 265 and the business community is no closer to its goal of avoiding case-by-case BAT decisions.  Even what Ohio EPA describes as its "short-term rule" would require case-by-case BAT. 

Worse yet, the policy makes clear that businesses may even be worse off then prior to S.B. 265.  In the "Common Questions and Answers" Section of the Policy, at least two critical Ohio EPA comments appear:

Question 1:  If a company indicates they do not want Ohio EPA to establish a BAT limit because a BAT rule has not been developed, what should the permit writers do?

The Policy goes on to answer- try and get the company to voluntarily accept a BAT limit or Ohio EPA will have to process the permit without a BAT limit.  However, if there is no BAT limit in the permit, Ohio EPA states:

We will inform them [the business] that U.S. EPA would likely not approve the permit and that U.S. EPA may take some sort of action against either the company or the Ohio EPA because they don't approve the approach.  We will also inform them that we are obligated to provide U.S. EPA with a copy of any issued permit that does not contain BAT.

In essence, unless a business voluntarily accepts a case-by-case BAT limit, they will be subject to enforcement by U.S. EPA. 

The Second major issue appears in Question 5 of the Ohio EPA policy.  It relates to when sources can avoid New Source Review (NSR) which is the complex federal air permitting program.  Due to the complexities of the program there are strong incentives for businesses to avoid NSR.

Prior to August 3, 2009, Ohio EPA used BAT limits to avoid triggering NSR.  However, the policy makes clear they can no longer utilize BAT to avoid NSR because of the stalemate with U.S. EPA. 

The implication is more sources will have to go through a longer permitting process in order to avoid NSR.  Therefore, no only will sources end up with the same controls as prior to S.B. 265, it will take longer to get their permit.

Conclusion

The status quo should be unacceptable to the business community.  It must decide:

1. Whether the reforms in S.B. 265 are worth holding onto. If not, new state legislation is needed to undo the mess.  
2. If the reforms are still critical, then the business community must engage Ohio EPA to fix its issues with U.S. EPA.  It is very important that the business community involve itself in the details of developing a fix.  Otherwise, it risks Ohio EPA spending valuable time developing proposals businesses believe are unworkable.

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On February 3rd Magistrate Judge Mark Able of the U.S. District Court in Columbus ruled that Ohio EPA (and really the Ohio General Assembly) violated that federal Clean Air Act by exempting small air pollution sources from stringent air pollution requirements.  At issue was one major overhaul of Ohio's air regulation included in state legislation (Senate Bill 265)  back in 2006.  The law was designed to reduce the regulatory burden on small businesses. 

The provision exempted small air pollution sources, those that emit less than 10 tons per year, from the requirement to install Best Available Control Technology (BAT).  These sources would still be required to install air pollution control equipment.  However, these small sources could avoid the more time consuming BAT permitting process.

I was Director of Ohio EPA when Senate Bill 265 was passed.  The complaint regarding BAT was that it resulted in uncertain regulatory requirements for business.  Upon receipt of an air permit for a small air pollution source, Ohio EPA would have to decide on a individual case-by-case basis which pollution controls were the most stringent for that particular source. 

Businesses complained that the determinations as to what constituted BAT were inconsistent among Ohio EPA's five district offices.  They also complained that businesses would not be able to plan ahead of time for the types of controls to install.  Rather, business would be forced to wait until Ohio EPA concluded its evaluation.

To reduce the regulatory burden, Ohio businesses sought two major reforms regarding BAT in Senate Bill 265.  The General Assembly passed the bill which included the following.

1. Exempt all sources smaller than 10 tons from having to install BAT.
2. After August 2009, Ohio EPA could only require BAT on larger sources (greater than 10 tons) through specific rulemaking for those types of sources.

The goal of reducing the regulatory burden was understandable.  However, there is a long standing tenant in the federal Clean Air Act that restricts the ability of State's to change pollution control strategies to achieve federal clean air standards.  This is referred to as "anti-backsliding."

• "Anti-Backsliding"- If you drop an air pollution requirement, you must make up for those lost reductions through alternative control strategies. 

The best example of this perhaps is E-check, the automobile tail pipe test that used to be required in Cleveland, Dayton and Cincinnati.  E-check was dropped in Dayton and Cincinnati after the 10 year contract expired.  In order to drop the program, Ohio EPA was forced to make up the lost reductions through new air pollution control requirements.  One new requirement used to replace E-check was the requirement to use less polluting gasoline (RVP gas) in the summer months in Dayton and Cincinnati. 

Ohio EPA failed to adopt replacement strategies after the General Assembly dropped BAT on sources less than 10 tons.  It is my understanding, that Ohio EPA never actually even quantified the lost reductions attributable to dropping the BAT requirement.  U.S. EPA put Ohio EPA on notice this past summer that it failed to address the "anti-backsliding" issue.

Ohio EPA's failure to adopt new controls to replace BAT- a violation of the "anti-backsliding" principal- was one of the reasons Magistrate Abel struck down the provision as a violation of the Federal Clean Air Act.  According to a recent newspaper article, Ohio EPA has decided to stop issuing permits for small sources while it figures out how to address the decision. 

The agency said Wednesday it won't authorize any new or expanded emissions from small sources until the ramifications of the decision are understood. Spokeswoman Heidi Griesmer said the agency has temporarily suspended issuing permits.

"These are small sources of pollution," she said. "We will be complying with the judge's orders but we're right now looking through the decision and figuring out how to do that..."

Griesmer said it was impossible to determine immediately on Wednesday how many exemptions the state has granted to small source polluters. The agency estimates it will take two weeks to mine through its permit database and count them all, she said.

What a mess...

• The Agency will be forced to decide what to do with hundreds of permits it issued in the last three years in which BAT was not required.  Does Ohio EPA go back and revoke those permits requiring businesses to install different air pollution controls? 
• Does the Agency still try and comply with Legislative mandate to eliminate BAT for small sources?  If so, what new air pollution control requirements will it adopt to replace BAT for sources less than 10 tons.  
• What about permits already in the system that were about to be issued?  No doubt the Agency will be forced to go back and determine BAT delaying these permits by many months.  

This is just a sample of the issues facing EPA after S.B. 265.  Next up-  The second major reform in S.B. 265 that prevents Ohio EPA from requiring BAT on sources larger than 10 tons per year unless done through rulemaking.   

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The saga involving the Environmental Review Appeals Commission (ERAC) appears to have come to a conclusion (see prior post). ERAC had limited all administrative hearings to 1-hour in response to deadlines imposed by the Ohio General Assembly.  Today, a Franklin County Common Pleas Court issued an judgment entry today ordering ERAC to: 

1. Vacate all one hour hearings;
2. Require full and fair hearings (de novo); and
3. Declaring the Legislative imposed deadlines as non-binding

While we may now return to the status quo as it relates to the hearing process on environmental appeals, the fallout is not over. 

First, ERAC will now have to go through the process of re-scheduling hearings in hundreds of pending appeals.  The result may be a longer time frame for decisions than what would have occurred had the General Assembly never tried to impose deadlines. 

Second, Legislation is still possible.  The deadlines were imposed for a reason and business groups may try to re-craft deadlines in a more constructive manner.  The Court found the deadlines non-binding because no ramification was imposed on ERAC if it missed the deadline.  Some may see that as a road map to creating effective deadlines. 

My hope is that all of this will bring about positive change in terms of increased funding for ERAC.  Most see that as the real answer.  Now we just have to find the money, which may be no easy task.

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The latest developments in the saga involving current hearing process in the Ohio Environmental Review Appeals Commission (ERAC) shows chaos rains for the hundreds of appeals pending before the Commission.  As previously covered on this blog (see, A Dozen Companies File Constitutional Challenges to 1-hour Hearings), in response to legislative deadlines imposed on the Commission, ERAC has scheduled or has proposed to schedule 1-hour hearings with no discovery on ALL pending appeals.

Businesses as well as environmental groups were very concerned with ERAC's approach.  The first legal challenge to be filed sought a writ of mandamus from the 10th Appellate Court to compel ERAC to provide for full blown hearings (de novo hearings).  The State, attorneys for ERAC and the attorneys for the 13 companies negotiated an uncontested motion for the writ.  Despite the uncontested nature of the motion, the Court issued a ruling declining to issue the writ.  However, the ruling contained some non-binding language (dicta) regarding due process rights:

Indeed, the clear legal right and clear legal duty identified are uncontroversial-relators have a right to de novo hearings that comply with due process, and the Commission has the duty to provide for such.

Despite the language in the order, ERAC continued to proceed with holding 1-hour hearings.  I even heard a story of one attorney who tried to put a witness on to introduce evidence only to be cut-off after thirty minutes by the Commission telling them "your time is up." 

The attorneys representing the original 13 companies followed the Appeals Court advice and filed a declaratory judgment action in common pleas court.  Shortly after the suit was filed, the Court issued a temporary restraining order (TRO) against ERAC preventing the Commission from holding any of the 1-hour hearings in the 40 upcoming hearings involving the 13 companies.

Even after the TRO was obtained, ERAC continued to proceed with 1-hour hearings in cases that were not covered by the Order.  Chairwoman of the three-member commission, Lisa Eschleman, was quoted in the Columbus Dispatch as saying:  "ERAC is going to proceed as scheduled so that we can comply with the mandate of the General Assembly," 

Because ERAC is continuing to proceed with 1-hour hearings on appeals not involving the 40 subject to the TRO, each Appellant is being forced to go to the Court and request their own TRO. Others have elected just to proceed with 1-hour hearings probably betting that the decision will be overturned on appeal because due process was not provided.

If companies and environmental groups are both upset with the current process, why hasn't the State which represents Ohio EPA and the Ohio Department of Agriculture (among others) been vocal?  I have been told that one reason the State is not objecting to ERAC's process is that the whole mess has forced settlement of a lot of pending appeals.  Another reason for the lack of concern maybe that 1-hour hearings make it much more likely that the decision of the State Agency will be upheld due to the limitations on presenting evidence.

Hopefully, the Court will issue a decision in the declaratory judgment action that results in a permanent fix- restoring full hearings on appeals.  Until such a decision is issued, the situation involving the hundreds of appeals before the Commission remains in a state of flux. 

Meanwhile, the outcry has grown (including me) that the real solution to this problem is to fund ERAC who has a tiny budget. Only problem- where do you get the money in a State which is facing a $1 billion dollar hole in their current budget.  On Tuesday, the Columbus Dispatch issued a editorial against legislative deadlines and supporting more funding:

"Such a delay demands further explanation, but arbitrarily rationing time before the commission is unreasonable. Lawmakers should consider whether the three-person commission, which has only two additional employees, needs more help. Unlike other such boards, ERAC members conduct all their own hearings, do their own legal research and write their decisions."

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A discussed in prior posts, the Environmental Review Appeals Commission (ERAC) has taken an aggressive respond to deadlines imposed by the Ohio Legislature compelling ERAC to render decisions in 339 appeals in a matter of months.  It issued orders in all pending appeals canceling prior hearings and establishing an expedited hearing format that consists of the following:

• one hour hearings- split between the sides equally
• no presentation of witnesses
• five page briefs
• no meaningful discovery (depositions, document production, etc.)

My prior posts resulted in an interview with Gongwer regarding the ERAC deadlines and corresponding orders for expedited hearings.  In the article, Gongwer quoted ERAC Chairwoman Lisa Eschleman who said:

Limits on hearings were necessary to comply with new deadlines for ERAC to issue rulings, which were included in the biennial budget bill (HB 1).
Under the new deadlines, the commission must issue final decisions in 339 appeals by Dec. 15, she said, noting hearings were scheduled through Dec. 1.

"We took 339, divided it by the number of days, minus the number of holidays. It means we had to do six de novo hearings a day," she said. "Physically we had to put a limit on the amount of the time the people can have."

Previously, average de novo hearings at ERAC lasted about five days, she said.

The deadlines imposed in the Budget Bill were not opposed by the business community, only environmental groups sought a veto from Governor Strickland.  However, now that ERAC has responded to the deadlines with its expedited hearings, businesses are scrambling to address the issue.

A lawsuit was filed in the 10th Appellate Court on behalf of over a dozen companies with forty appeals pending before ERAC.  The lawsuit (called a Writ of Mandamus) seeks the Appellate Court to issue an order to compel ERAC to comply with due process requirements.  The suit states:

A writ is necessary because the Commission has embarked upon a process of scheduling hearings de novo in over three hundred pending appeals that limit appellants, including the Relators, to not more than one-half hour to present evidence in support of their appeals, as more fully described below. Such a patent deprivation of Relators’ right to a hearing de novo that adheres to the most basic requirements of due process can only be adequately addressed through issuance of the requested writ.

While such a lawsuit was inevitable, even if successful, it will not on its own address the other two hounded and ninety appeals that also received orders.  Nor will address the hundreds of appeals that are still pending after the initial December 15th deadline. 

Clearly, a broader fix is necessary.  While quicker decisions is an admirable goal, mandated deadlines such as this result in unanticipated consequences.  The real answer to this problem is difficult to implement in tough budget times- more money for ERAC.  The Commission is grossly understaffed and has outdated technology to handles the several hundred cases it has pending. 

Perhaps there is even the need for appointment of more Commissioners to hear all these appeals.  ERAC has three Commissioners and all three hear every appeal.  Appellate Courts have more judges than sit on any one panel for a case, why not ERAC?

Its still clear this problem will become worse without some kind of legislative fix either

• giving the money ERAC needs
• increasing its staff and/or Commissioners or
• simply removing the deadlines and tolerating longer appeals.

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The Ohio General Assembly included in the state budget a series of deadlines for issuing decisions in environmental appeals. (See prior post) The deadlines apply to the Environmental Review Appeals Commission (ERAC) which hears administrative appeals for hundreds of Ohio EPA and other state Agency actions.  Here are the deadlines imposed on ERAC:

The commission (ERAC) shall issue a written order affirming, vacating, or modifying an action pursuant to the following schedule:

(1) For an appeal that was filed with the commission before April 15, 2008, the commission shall issue a written order not later than December 15, 2009.

(2) For all other appeals that have been filed with the commission as of October 15, 2009, the commission shall issue a written order not later than July 15, 2010.

(3) For an appeal that is filed with the commission after October 15, 2009, the commission shall issue a written order not later than twelve months after the filing of the appeal with the commission.

ERAC has responded in a forceful way to the imposed deadlines.  It has been issuing orders for numerous pending appeals that restructure the normal hearing process.  Typical hearings included discovery, motions and multi-day hearings followed by briefs.  In response to the imposed deadlines ERAC has cut out all discovery, limited hearings to one hour and will accept only five page briefs.  (Here is an example ERAC order on one of the many appeals facing the deadline)

For many complicated environmental cases heard by ERAC it is impossible to present the issues in a coherent and supported manner under this structure.  Based upon the limited amount of information provided to ERAC under this structure suggests they will mostly play it safe in rendering decisions by perhaps deferring to the Agency.

Perhaps this is an example of unintended consequences, but it seems almost certain that this will not be the end of the story.  Additional legislative action to tweak or change the budget language almost seems a certainty.

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Back in 2006, while I was still at Ohio EPA, a major piece of state legislation worked its way through the General Assembly.  Senate Bill 265 was developed by business groups in Ohio to address concerns with the structure and implementation of Ohio air pollution permitting programs.  The main target to be fixed was the requirement for all non-federally regulated air sources to install Best Available technology (BAT).

Business groups believed that the BAT requirement put Ohio at a disadvantage to neighboring states by requiring a higher (and more costly) level of controls.  Even more importantly, Ohio businesses felt that implementation of BAT at Ohio EPA lacked the certainty that businesses look for in regulatory programs.

Issues with BAT

The lack of certainty stemmed from the fact that BAT was determined on a case-by-case basis with each individual permit that was submitted to the Agency.  Concerns were expressed that permit reviewers reached different conclusions as to what constituted BAT, sometimes for similar sources. 

During the debate over BAT I was at the center of the storm working as Director of Ohio EPA.  I had to testify numerous times before the Legislature.  While I did not agree with every argument against BAT, I did agree that Ohio EPA was placing too much time and energy into regulating small sources of air pollution.

• FACT:  Ohio has some 70,000 regulated air sources in the State whereas Michigan has less than 10,000

The huge difference in regulated sources is not attributable to there being less industry in Michigan, rather it was because Ohio regulated much smaller sources.  For these reasons, Ohio EPA took a neutral position on the legislation.

Senate Bill 265 passed the Legislature and included two major components as an overhaul of the BAT requirement:

1. It exempted all sources less than 10 tons per year from having to install BAT. 
2. For sources larger than 10 tpy, Ohio EPA could only require BAT by adopting rules specifying what exactly BAT would be for particular sources.  The legislation gave Ohio EPA a three year window to adopt rules.  The window is up this month (August 3, 2009)

Region 5 U.S. EPA Questions Ohio's Ability to Modify BAT

In the ensuing three years since passage of S.B. 265 the course of change has been anything but certain.  U.S. EPA has issued two letters to Ohio EPA.  A June 2008 letter rejected Ohio EPA's rule which would exempt sources smaller than 10 TPY because U.S. EPA said Ohio EPA failed to prove Ohio's air pollution control strategy would not be weakened.  On May 22, 2009, U.S. EPA sent a second letter expressing concern over the impending deadline of August 3, 2009 when Ohio would no longer be able to require BAT without source specific rules.

In discussing the letters with staff, Ohio EPA is confident it can work out with U.S. EPA the exemption of sources smaller than 10 TPY.  However, it is much more difficult to envision a resolution of the issue pertaining to sources larger than 10 TPY. 

As an indication of the messy situation that may emerge, U.S. EPA Region 5 could start issuing notices of violation (NOVs) to all sources that receive an air permit without BAT after August 3, 2009.  In an attempt to avoid such a situation, Ohio EPA has discussed passing a rule that would require BAT on all sources larger than 10 tpy.  The rule would specify BAT are those general characteristics set forth in S.B. 265. 

1. Work practices;
2. Source design characteristics or design efficiency of applicable air contaminant control devices;
3. Raw material specifications or throughput limitations averaged over a twelve-month rolling period;
4. Monthly allowable emissions averaged over a twelve-month rolling period.

Sierra Club Sues Ohio for Failing to Enforce the Clean Air Act

It was not just Region 5 of U.S. EPA that was attacking changes to BAT. The Sierra Club filed suit against Ohio EPA over its rule exempting sources smaller than 10 tpy.  The Sierra Club challenged Ohio EPA under the Clean Air Act''s citizen suit provisions. 

In a very surprising decision, Magistrate Judge Abel found the citizen's suit provisions of the Clean Air Act did not allow suits against a State for failing to to enforce the Clean Air Act.  This decision will be appealed given its broader implications on the scope of the citizen suit provisions.  Given the prior precedents it is unclear whether Judge Abel's decision will be upheld.

Lessons Learned

We will have to wait and see how these major issues unfold over the next few months.  However, there is no doubt that the situation that has emerged after three years is not at all what was envisions during passage of S.B. 265.

The complexities involved in trying to change a State's air pollution control strategy on any significant scale are immense.  Ohio's BAT experience is a prime example.  With 70,000 regulated sources the ability to determine the impact of the BAT changes is almost impossible.  Making such a demonstration is the first step toward gaining U.S. EPA's approval.

Unfortunately, after three years businesses may be left with less certainty than they had before the overhaul was attempted. 

• Back to case-by-case BAT
• Region 5 scrutiny of Ohio EPA air permits
• Continuing litigation of changes to Ohio's State Implementation Plan (SIP)

This is hardly the specificity that the business community envisioned during passage of S.B. 265.  Business groups envisions rules that would specifically state that type of controls or work practices that must be utilized for different types of sources.  The stop gap rule proposed by Ohio EPA looks more like case specific BAT.

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Here is a quick update on some of the important changes that were or were not included in the Ohio Budget (H.B. 1) that impact environmentally related issues and Ohio EPA's budget:

ERAC Deadlines-   As discussed in my previous post, the Ohio Budget included mandatory deadlines placed on ERAC for making determinations on appeals filed before the Commission.  Environmental groups wrote a strong letter to the Governor requesting a veto the ERAC deadlines.  The Governor did not veto the provision, however it appears likely the language will be tinkered with in the Budget Corrections Bill. 

Extension of Deadline for Construction after Issuance of Air PTI:  All air permits for construction and installation of new sources in the State of Ohio include a requirement that the permit expires after eighteen (18) months if construction of the source has not been completed.  An appeal of an air PTI can complicate financing efforts for projects.  Banks may not provide financing while an appeal is pending.  To address this and other issues associated with the construction deadline, the Budget Bill included new language that allows extension of that deadline for any of the following reasons (copy of amendment for exact language):

• Owner has undertaken a continuing program of installation or modification during the eighteen-month period
• Owner entered a binding contract for construction of the source within the eighteen month period
• Director of Ohio EPA issues an extension
• The air PTI is the subject of an appeal by a third party receives an automatic extension based upon the number of days the permit was under appeal
• Original permit is superseded by a subsequent air PTI

$1.25 increase in Solid Waste Tipping Fee to fund Ohio EPA:  The municipal solid waste tipping fee was increased by $1.25 a ton which raises the total fee from $3.50 a ton to $4.75 a ton. Of the increase, .25 goes to ODNR for the Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The remaining $1.00 will go to Ohio EPA to support its programs.  

The tipping fee increase was included, in part, to address a reduction in the amount of solid waste going into Ohio's landfills.  As the fee continues to increase, businesses will have a greater incentive to look for alternative ways to dispose of industrial waste other than sending it to a solid waste landfill.  One such option is beneficial use of the material.  Ohio EPA has yet to to release its second draft of the beneficial use rules, however, as costs of disposal increase interest in this option will rise.

Spending Authority Caps:  While the Legislature agreed to restore the $1.25 increase in tipping fees, it failed to remove the spending caps that were placed on Ohio EPA fee accounts in the Senate.  The practical ramification is that even though the accounts have fee revenue, Ohio EPA will be prevented from spending the revenue to support its staff and programs.  Ohio EPA intends to seek removal of the spending authority caps through the Controlling Board.  If Ohio EPA gets support from business groups it appears likely the caps will be removed and possibility of dramatic staff reductions appears unlikely.

Rejection of the Expansion of Renewable Energy Projects-  Ohio has one of the broadest definitions for what qualifies as "renewable energy source" for purposes of meeting the State's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS).  Efforts were rejected to expand the definition to include burning of solid waste.

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Buried in the thousand pages of the Ohio Budget Bill (H.B. 1) is an amendment that could have a major impact on hundreds of pending and future appeals of environmental decisions.  The budget bill amendment includes language placing strict deadlines for issuing decisions on environmental appeals. The deadlines could impact some very controversial permit appeals, including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) appeal of AMP Ohio's air permit for its new baseload coal-fired power plant.

By law the Environmental Review Appeals Commission (ERAC) hears and issues decisions on a multitude of actions by Ohio EPA as well as a limited number of actions by other state agencies.  The appeals heard by ERAC include:

• Ohio EPA rules
• Ohio EPA enforcement orders
• Ohio EPA permitting decisions in air, water, solid waste, hazardous waste, etc.
• Actions by the Boards of Health related to solid waste facilities
• Ohio EPA decision related to the Voluntary Action Program (brownfields)
• Orders of the State Fire Marshall relative to underground storage tanks (BUSTR)
• Water permits and orders issued by Ohio Department of Agriculture for large factory farms

At any given time ERAC will typically have hundreds of appeals pending.  Some appeals can sit before ERAC for years, but this is typically by mutual consent of the parties in the appeal.   However, its not uncommon  in complex cases for hearings to be scheduled 18 to 24 months after appeal has been filed. 

Obviously someone felt concerned that ERAC was taking too long in issuing the majority of its decisions because the Ohio Budget Bill included strict deadlines for making determinations.  Here is the language (click here for the actual H.B. 1 Budget amendment):

The commission (ERAC) shall issue a written order affirming, vacating, or modifying an action pursuant to the following schedule:

(1) For an appeal that was filed with the commission before April 15, 2008, the commission shall issue a written order not later than December 15, 2009.

(2) For all other appeals that have been filed with the commission as of October 15, 2009, the commission shall issue a written order not later than July 15, 2010.

(3) For an appeal that is filed with the commission after October 15, 2009, the commission shall issue a written order not later than twelve months after the filing of the appeal with the commission. 

The language is silent on what happens if ERAC fails to adhere to the deadlines.  If left as is the language could create a right to file an action against ERAC to compel it to issue a decision (called a mandamus action). 

I am told that the legislative intent of the language was to remove the appeal from ERAC's jurisdiction and allow the Court of Appeals to hear the appeal.  If that was indeed the intent it would appear to be unworkable given the Court of Appeals doesn't accept testimony of witnesses.   In addition, there would be no assurance a Court, with its very busy docket, would make a determination any quicker.

Regardless, the new deadlines could have a significant impact.  With so many appeals pending before ERAC, the Commission may be forced to shorten hearings, reduce discovery or take other steps to speed up the decision making process.  It is also possible the deadlines could influence ERAC's level of scrutiny of Agency actions.

Indeed, the language could impact some very controversial actions currently under appeal, including the NRDC appeal of the AMP Ohio air permit on multiple grounds including regulation of greenhouse gases. According to ERAC's docket, a hearing is scheduled to begin March 8, 2010. The original appeal was filed in early spring of 2008. Under the imposed deadlines a decision would have to be issued no later than December 15, 2009.

It is possible that the Legislature will used the Budget Correction Bill to amend the language. Given the fact that the public hasn't had an opportunity to see it or provide input we may yet see substantial revisions. 

(Photo: wallyg/everystockphoto.com)

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Its not often you see business associations support budget requests by State agencies, especially when its Ohio EPA.  However, as a result of Senate actions with would cap Ohio EPA's spending authority business groups have sent a strong letter of support to the Ohio Legislature requesting the caps be removed. (Ohio Chamber and Ohio Manufacturer's Letter Re: Ohio EPA's Budget).

When Ohio EPA introduced their budget proposal they requested an increase in solid waste and construction & demolition debris tipping fees in order to maintain the current staff.  Under the proposal municipal waste dumping fees would go from $4.75 per ton from the current $3.50 per ton.  C&D fees would have seen the largest jump, going from $1.70 per ton to $4.40 per ton.Ohio EPA argued the fee increases were necessary to offset increasing costs to maintain as well as adjust for a decline in the amount of waste being disposed in Ohio's landfills. 

The fees became lost in a sea of other fee increase proposed by Governor Ted Strickland designed to help balance Ohio's beleaguered budget.  More so than in budget battles past, the fees were likened to tax increases and many (including Ohio EPA's request) were stripped from the budget.

In a recent Springfield News-Sun article, State Sen. Keith Faber, R-Celina, articulated "fees are hidden taxes" argument.  Here is his quote from the article:

“The EPA is a fee-based entity. They should have to tighten their belts like everybody else. Not just ask for more fees,” Faber said.

Ohio EPA requested that the Legislature restore their spending authority and re-establish the $1.00 fee increase in municipal solid waste fees.  Now this issue will play out in a contentious Conference Committee this weekend.  The Business Group's letter strongly supports the restoration of spending authority, but is silent on any fee increase. 

However, the Senate went one dramatic step beyond stripping out proposed fee increases, it placed a cap on allowable expenditures from existing fees.  In other words, Ohio EPA would be prohibited above the cap from spending money it had already collected from existing fees.

In response, Ohio EPA issued an analysis that if the fees remain out and the caps in place it would be forced to eliminate 200 positions (cut or not fill vacant positions).  Understanding the budget debate needed to be linked to Ohio's ailing economy, the Agency said many of the eliminated positions would likely be in permitting sections which could slow down economic development in the State. Here is the analysis provided by Ohio EPA of the potential staff cuts. 

Division of Air Pollution Control Staff Cuts

Division of Surface Water Staff Cuts

Unfortunately, this issue is a relatively small issue in terms of the $2.4 billion dollar budget gap that the Conference Committee must fill.  Governor Strickland recently proposed very controversial spending cuts to many State programs.  How Ohio EPA will fair in this type of difficult budget climate remains to be seen. 

Ohio EPA is my former employer and I still have the scars from past budget battles.  From my time at the Agency I am a strong believer in the fact the Agency needs to maintain staff to keep up with an ever increasing workload. A workload that many outside the Agency walls don't see or don't fully appreciate. I am crossing my fingers that the Legislature will devote a small amount of time to resolve this issue and will do the right thing.

(Photo: J.Stephen Conn/flickr)

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Yesterday, U.S. EPA announced a proposed rulemaking to formally recognize Cleveland and nearby counties as achieving the 1997 8-hour ozone standard (.085ppb).  As discussed in a previous post, this is very good news for Northeast Ohio businesses in any of the following counties: Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and Summit.  U.S. EPA is taking comments on the proposed action until July 13th.

Three years ago the best experts thought it was impossible for Northeast Ohio to achieve the ozone standard by the 2010 deadline.  As a result, draconian measures were suggested by U.S. EPA, including "bumping up" to the next higher non-attainment classification "serious."  Such an action would have made economic growth in the area much more difficult.  It would also have increased environmental compliance costs for area businesses. 

The chart to the left shows the various federal pollution reduction programs that are mandated based upon non-attainment classification.  The chart shows the higher the classification of non-attainment the more federal mandates that will apply.

Northeast Ohio has been at a distinct disadvantage relative to other areas of the state due to its ozone non-attainment status.  It is the only "moderate" non-attainment are in the State.  This results in increased compliance costs for area businesses and also placed restrictions on economic growth not applicable to the rest of the State.  These disadvantages would have been magnified if the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area was forced to have "bumped up" to serious non-attainment.

Once U.S. EPA finalizes the redesignation to attainment, these disadvantage disappear.  Cleveland-Akron-Lorain will be able to compete equally for new business growth opportunities.  All of this should be really good news for business and the citizens in Northeast Ohio.

The Plain Dealer failed to capture this fact in its coverage of the U.S. EPA ozone announcement.  Instead it focused on the temporary nature of the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain attainment status.  U.S. EPA has adopted a stricter ozone standard (.075ppb) which will likely be applied in 2010.  Current air monitoring shows Northeast Ohio around .084 ppb for ozone which means the same eight counties will once again be deemed "non-attainment" for ozone.   

While it is true the attainment status is temporary, concentrating only on this aspect of the story misses the broader picture.  If the area failed to achieve the 1997 ozone standard it would have faced more regulation and impediments to growth.  Now it appears unlikely that Cleveland-Akron-Lorain will receive a higher non-attainment classification than other major metropolitan areas in the State.  This means it will be able to compete equally with Columbus and Cincinnati for new jobs in the future even if it is once again considered "non-attainment."

The temporary attainment status may present a short window of opportunity for area businesses.  If a business was looking to expand its facility or construct a new facility that would be considered  a "major source" of air pollution, it may be able to obtain requisite permits easier than previously.  But businesses will have to be quick to take advantage if such a window presents itself.  U.S. EPA is set to make formal designation under the new .075 ppb ozone standard in 2010.  At most this means businesses could have a year to act.

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June 22nd will mark the 40 year anniversary of the famous 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River.  A picture of the fire in Time magazine was credited with bringing national focus to water pollution in the United States.  Here is a quote from a recent Cleveland Plain Dealer Article on the notorious fire:

"The fire did contribute a huge amount to the new environmental movement and it put the issue in front of everyone else, too," said Jonathan Adler, environmental historian and law professor at Case Western Reserve University. "Water pollution became a tangible, vivid thing -- like it had never been on a national level. "There was a sense of crisis at that point. It was: Oh, my God -- rivers are catching on fire.' "

In 1972, Congress passed the Clean Water Act whose stated goal is to make waterways across the country "fishable and swimmable."  Forty years ago, achieving the goal of the Clean Water Act seemed impossible for rivers like the Cuyahoga. 

The River was virtually dead from the release of industrial wastes and untreated sewage along with intensive urban and industrial development.  I remember talking with some of the original employees of the Ohio EPA who described the rivers like the Cuyahgoa and the Mahoning were virtually boiling from steel mills and other industrial sources that did not cool their water prior to discharging into the River.      

Flash forward to 2009, we are about to celebrate the anniversary of the fire by marking a significant achievement  in its recovery.  The Cuyahoga River Remedial Action Plan along with Ohio EPA has submitted a request U.S. EPA to take official action by removing most of the river  from list of the most polluted rivers in the Great Lakes (delisting request).  As the Chairman of the Cuyahoga RAP, I was lucky enough to sign the letter submitting the official request to U.S. EPA. 

The area of recovery stretches from Akron to 50 miles down the River to its navigation channel.  A once dead River is now teaming with life.  The River so notorious for its fire is now become a favorite for steelhead fly fishing. 

Perhaps no aspect of the recovery tells the story better then the return of fish to the River. The chart to the left is part of the delisting request to U.S. EPA.  It is a compilation of years of data collection from the River.  The horizontal axis is the miles of the River.  The vertical axis is the number of fish species. 

1969 is represented by the nearly flat purple line across the bottom indicatng virtually no life in the River except for its upper most reaches.  The green line across the top is 2008 which shows between 15 to 25 species living in the River.  (The dip in the green line is the Route 83 dam which shows how dams can have dramatic impacts on water quality)

What an amazing recovery.  From dead in 1969 to a River that has a wide variety of species and healthy fish in 2008.  Here are some more details on the return of fish to the River:

• In 1984 the relative number of fish caught per kilometer was 53. In 2008 the relative number was 657 fish per kilometer. 
• Total species in 1984 was 28, compared to 43 in 2008 with ¼ fewer sites. 
• In 1984 there was only 1 individual of a sensitive species. In 2008 there were 10 sensitive species comprising 1412 individuals (31% of the total catch). 
• In 1984 there were only 8 bass caught. In 2008 there were 221 bass caught, with the dominant species being Smallmouth Basin. 
• In 1984 there was only 1 darter individual collected. In 2008 there were 5 species of darters (228 individuals). 
• In 1984 there were no redhorse species (sensitive) in the entire reach. In 2008 there were 3 species (96 individuals). 

What are the reasons behind the miraculous recovery of the Crooked River?  It took a combination of major investment, successful environmental regulation and protecting the sensitive corridors along its banks. 

1. Major investment by private industry and municipal wastewater treatment facilities- the North East Ohio Regional Sewer District and Akron's wastewater system have invested billions of dollar upgrading treatment.  Industry along the river has invested millions in new treatment wastewater treatment technology and improved business practices.
2. Environmental regulation- Often maligned, the recovery demonstrates that regulation can be effective.  The Clean Water Act brought permits to all the major discharges to the River.  Overtime, as technology improved, the permits ratcheted down how much pollution dischargers could put into the river.
3. The Cuyahoga Valley National Park and Cleveland Metroparks- Maintaining natural vegetation along the banks of rivers and streams has major benefits to water quality.  This vegetation operates as filters-absorbing non-point pollution before  it can impact waterways.  It also provide habitat for important bugs and critters that breathe life into streams.  The Cuyahoga Valley National Park protects 33,000 acres along the banks of the Cuyahoga River.  The park system operates as a massive riparian corridor along the River. 

Local news coverage of the remarkable comeback of the burning River has been good.  The Cleveland Plain Dealer has a series dedicated to the Year of the River.  But this deserves to be a national story.  So often the Midwest and Cleveland seem to be the epicenter of bad news- from a down economy to the housing crisis.  Don't get me started on the sports teams. 

What once brought Cleveland into the national spotlight for all the wrong reason should now bring attention for the rights ones.  How great would it be to see Time Magazine revisit the River forty years later!  Maybe with a picture of some fly fishing on the River.  Another reason to highlight the recovery nationally, the Obama Administration has requested $475 million in funding for the Great Lakes. What a better poster child for showing investment in the Great Lakes can work than the Cuyahoga.

If you want to do your part to help the river, you can purchase t-shirts and mugs embossed with the four fish graphic at the beginning of this post.   Money raised will be used to support on-going efforts to restore the River.  If you happen to be in the Cleveland area come down to the River on the 22nd and celebrate this amazing story or re-birth.  You can get details form of the events planned from the Cuyahoga RAP's website.

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On May 26th, the Ohio Department of Development announced the recipients of the second round of the Diesel Emission Reduction Grant (DERG) program.  The announcement once again highlights issues with implementation of this grant program. 

After two grant rounds, school buses, transit and rail received the lion share of the total $19.8 million in available funding under this program.  There are issues with this allocation:

• School buses already have available funding through Ohio EPA Clean Diesel School Bus Fund
• Transit has received $203 million in stimulus money
• Rail projects are very costly- the project funded in the two DERG rounds took up nearly 1/2 of the available funding

In concept, the DERG program selects projects based upon cost effectiveness.  This should mean money is directed toward projects that will result in the biggest reductions at the lowest cost. According to U.S. EPA data, the transit sector in Ohio accounts for only 2% of diesel emissions. Other sectors eligible under DERG, such as construction equipment and heavy duty trucks, account for nearly 50% of the diesel emissions.

Yet after two DERG rounds, only 8 pieces of construction equipment and/or heavy duty trucks will be repowered/replaced/retrofitted. 

While I can quibble with how successful DERG has been at targeting sectors for reductions, it is still is a very good program that has resulted in substantial reductions. As detailed in previous posts, DERG is also good for Ohio's economy by promoting voluntary emission reductions that reduces air pollution costs for businesses.   Unfortunately, the Transportation Bill (H.B. 2) cut DERG's funding by 80% (see discussion at the end of this post).

Let's hope the State Legislature doesn't give up on a very worthwhile program.

From' the ODOD DERG press release here is the list of recipients in the second round:

• City of Dublin, in partnership with City of Westerville - Replacing eight model year
1999/2000 short haul diesel trucks.
• Columbus City Schools - Replacing 15 model year 1990 school buses with new school buses.
• CSX Transportation, Inc. - Repowering four Switcher Locomotives with GENSET diesel
engines.
• Great Lakes Construction - Repowering two model year 1987/1988 track type bulldozers.
• Industrial Railway Switching & Services - Retrofitting three switcher locomotives with the
private vendor's "Lean and Green Locomotive Package" technology to reduce overall vehicle
emissions.
• John R. Jurgensen - Replacing two track type bulldozers and four hydraulic excavators with
new vehicles.
• Kenston Local School District - Replacing one model year 1998 school bus with a new plugin
hybrid school bus.
• Manchester Local School District - Replacing one model year 1991 school bus with a new
plug-in hybrid school bus.
• Osnaburg Local Schools, in partnership with Massillon Local Schools and North Canton
Local Schools – Retrofitting six school buses with DPF/CCFS applications and replacing three
school buses with new model year buses.
• Portage County Solid Waste Management District - Replacing one model year 1999 diesel
truck used for the collection of recyclables.
• Ross Local School District - Replacing five model year 1988/1990/1991 school buses with
new buses.
• Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority - Repowering 50 model year 2001/2002 public
transit buses.
• Stark County Commissioners, in partnership with Stark County Board of Mental
Retardation and Developmental Disabilities - Replacing seven model year 1993/1995 school
buses with new model year buses.
• Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority - Replacing an existing diesel generator set on port
facility gantry crane.
• Wood County Commissioners, in partnership with Wood County Board of Mental
Retardation and Developmental Disabilities - Replacing five model year 1998/2001/2002
diesel powered school buses with new liquid propane- injected (LPI) engines
• Wood County Engineer’s Office – Replacing two model year 1990/1996 diesel powered dump
trucks with new trucks

Update on DERG Funding

In the last State budget, Ohio set aside $20 million over two years from federal transportation dollars known as Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) program.  Federal legislation made clear that diesel emission reduction projects were not only acceptable they should be a priority.

After the last budget, Ohio had the largest dedicated diesel fund in the entire Midwest.  Ohio received awards for the DERG program.  The Ohio Diesel Coalition sought to renew the DERG program for another two years at the same level of funding.  Ultimately. H.B. 2 included only $5 million in funding for DERG over the next two fiscal years.  This is a $15 million dollar reduction from the past two years. 

Meanwhile, $15 million has been set aside for public transportation, which has already received, according to the Plain Dealer, nearly $203 million in stimulus funding. 

While DERG has had its issues starting up, most new government programs do.  There certainly is enough demand for the program.  Unfortunately, DERG funding has been reduced by 80%.  This reduction comes at a time when only a few small scale construction equipment projects have received funding.  Ohio has not even scratched the surface of possible reductions from this sector, by far the largest source of diesel emissions.  Now is not the time to be reducing funding for this program.

(Photo: terinea/everystockphoto.com)

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These are great times to investigating potential brownfield projects in Ohio.  The State has two pots of money available under its Clean Ohio brownfield program.  1)  the Clean Ohio Revitalization Fund (CORF); and 2) the Clean Ohio Assistance Fund (COAF).  CORF is a competitive grant process where applications are pooled into rounds and the top projects in that round receive funding.  Under COAF, projects are evaluated on an individual basis and decisions are made by the Director of the Department of Development.

COAF- Areas Eligible to Apply for Funding is Greatly Expanded

This month, the Ohio Department of Development announced a major change to COAF-greatly expanding areas eligible to submit COAF applications.  Properties eligible to request  COAF funding are those located in a "inner city area", a "labor surplus area" or a "situational distress area" as defined by O.R.C. 122.65(H).  Each year the Ohio Department of Development releases a map of the State that identifies which areas fall under one of the three categories and could apply. 

On May 1, 2009, the Ohio Priority Investment Area Map was modified to reflect the recent changes made to the Federal Labor Surplus map. Under the old map 41 counties and certain cities were designated "priority investment areas" based on one of the three categories.  The new map designates 83 counties in Ohio as Labor Surplus Areas. This includes all of Cuyahoga County and most of the surrounding Counties. 

All areas designated on the Priority Investment Map are therefore eligible to file applications for the Clean Ohio Assistance Fund for assessment grants of up to $300,000 and cleanup grants of up to $750,000. COAF will have approximately $12 million for new grants in the coming year. Applications can be submitted on a rolling basis (no deadline). 

The Ohio Department of Development also modified the policies governing COAF.  One notable change is the prioritization of Phase II Environmental Assessment projects.  Here is what the Department said about this change:

In order to maximize assistance to distressed communities during the economic crisis and meet a critical need to prepare sites for cleanup and redevelopment, the Clean Ohio Assistance Fund will now reserve 75% for funding Phase II Environmental Assessments grants and 25% for funding cleanup grants.

CORF's - Redevelopment Ready Track

If you are looking at a project with much higher clean up costs than $750,000, then CORF is still a great option.  The State recently provided more flexibility to the program.  Last summer, the Ohio Department of Development made a major change to the CORF program by adding the "redevelopment ready track." Before this change an applicant for CORF had to identify in its application a committed end user post clean up. Under the "redevelopment ready track" an applicant could qualify for up to $2 million in grant funds to pay for clean up costs even without an end user.

A significant amount of cleanup funding is available in the upcoming rounds of CORF. Funding for Round 7 (deadline July 25th) and Round 8 will total $48 million in the coming year ($24 million per round), which is the largest amount the program has experienced in its history.

Unlike other States, Ohio has a lot of funding available for brownfield investigation and clean up.  Over the last year the State has increased the flexibility in the program and expanded areas within the State eligible for funding.  While the economy is down, it is a great time to explore development options for brownfield sites.  As the economy comes back the competitiveness of these programs will increase. 

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I have been following discussion regarding the green elements of the Presidents Stimulus Package, known as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.  There is certainly a lot directed toward environmentally related projects, especially renewable energy development.  Leading some to call these provisions the "Green New Deal." 

What is the real story behind some of the spending that has been reported?  You certainly can find information all across the web and on government sites that simply lists the amount of money in the bill and which program it has been directed.  However, detail about what the money will really be used for can be hard to find.

Bottom line, some provisions are better than others.  For instance, much of the money directed toward U.S. EPA will pay for existing projects.  This includes prior grant applications, clean ups already under contract or projects previously selected for funding.  So, for many of you expecting great new opportunities for EPA related projects, I don't think the bill offers you that much. (with the exception of diesel engine related grants- see below).

The renewable energy side of the equation is a totally different story.  There are continued and new tax incentives as well as new grant opportunities.  There is a lot in the bill and it will literally pay to stay on top of what is available. 

I.  EPA Side- the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 specifically includes $7.22 billion for projects and programs administered by EPA. 

Below is a description of the major areas of funding as well as an analysis of whether this funding presents new opportunities. EPA has established a web site page with helpful links that discuss the opportunities in the Stimulus Bill relative to the money designated for EPA.

Brownfields:  There is over $100 million directed to U.S. EPA's brownfield redevelopment program.  I was intrigued regarding this new slug of money for it could present another great opportunity for clients outside of the Clean Ohio program.  However, after asking for more details from U.S. EPA, I learned that this money is basically already spent.  The U.S. EPA intends to use it for projects that requested funding back in 2008 but were not funded due to an over abundance of proposals.  While its good news more projects are getting funded, I believe U.S. EPA could have even received better project proposals if they would have allowed for new applications. 

Diesel Emission Retrofits Act (DERA):  The Stimulus directed over $300 million in new money to fund the DERA program. DERA is the federal grant program that pays for diesel engine retrofits, repowers and replacements.  Last years allocation was only $50 million for the entire country.  So the Stimulus does provide real, new money for this program.  U.S. EPA intends to spend the money quickly so watch U.S. EPA's website and Recovery.gov to jump in with your project.

Underground Storage Tank (USTs) Cleanups: $200 million was provided to U.S. EPA's Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST) Program, EPA provides resources to states and territories for the oversight, enforcement and cleanup of petroleum releases from underground storage tanks (USTs). EPA estimates that every year 7,570 new releases occur which just adds to the sites that have not yet been completed.  There could be as many as 116,000 sites requiring clean up actions in 2009. However, it appears the funding will be used to help pay for clean ups of abandoned tanks rather than create a new grant program.  Here is additional detail from the from the Convenience Store News regarding the Stimulus package:

Other measures relevant to c-stores include a final approval of $200 million for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund, which assists in the cleanup of abandoned gas stations, but will not pay for inspections or to assist state reimbursements programs.

Superfund Cleanups: $600 million was provided to U.S. EPA's superfund program.  However, these funds will be obligated mostly through existing contracts and Interagency Agreements.  In 2009 there could be as many as 20 Superfund sites ready for construction, but not funded due to budget shortfalls. The Recovery funds will begin to address those sites, plus accelerate construction at many of 600 sites where work has been limited in the past by funding constraints.

Clean Water State Revolving Fund and Drinking Water State Revolving Fund: $4 billion for assistance to help communities with water quality and wastewater infrastructure needs and $2 billion for drinking water infrastructure needs. A portion of the funding will be targeted toward green infrastructure, water and energy efficiency and environmentally innovative projects. (guidance on the green infrastructure component)

Ohio EPA has begun soliciting projects for its Drinking Water and Wastewater Revolving Loan Programs.  However, projects must already have been planned and reviewed by Ohio EPA for inclusion on project planning lists.  For instance, drinking water projects must be on the Drinking Water Project Priority List (PPL).

II.  Renewable Energy- the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 bill is anticipated to provide around $43 billion for renewable energy in the form of tax breaks and other incentives

The extended entry includes a summary of the renewable energy incentives and investment as assembled by the American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE). (the link provides you a hard copy of the ACORE document- which does a great job of assembling the relevant information for renewable energy incentives- or see the extended entry for a summary).

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There is good news for area businesses.  Additional compliance costs and restrictions on economic growth will be avoided that were deemed all but certain a few years ago.  The compliance costs were associated with new air pollution controls needed to achieve  U.S. EPA's 1997 8-hour ozone standard (0.85 ppm). The deadline to meet this standard is 2009.

When I was Director of Ohio EPA,  all the modeling and projections showed there was no way Cleveland would meet the standard by the deadline. I remember giving speeches around the State with the basic theme- "we would have to de-populate Cleveland to meet the Ozone deadline."   I remember briefing the Governor that it appeared likely the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Nonattainment Area would have to "bump up" to the next category of nonattainment-"serious."  By bumping up Cleveland would buy time to reach the standard, but the cost was a list on new federally mandated controls and restrictions.  Bump up would have had devastating impacts on the local economy.

[This is a slide taken from one of the speeches on reaching the ozone standard.  The numbers show various ozone levels at each monitor in the nonattainment area after imposing various control options.  The black number was a series of draconian measures that would have devastated the local economy.  Even after imposing those controls the models predicted continued nonattainment.]

Perhaps this is a lesson about not putting too much faith in modeling, but  based upon recent air quality monitoring Cleveland has indeed attained the 1997 8-hour ozone standard.   Area businesses may never be fully aware of the crisis that was averted.  But this is certainly good news for an area that has struggled to meet federal air quality standards.

Below is additional background on the recent Ohio EPA submittals.

In 2008, Ohio EPA submitted an State Implementation Plan (SIP) for the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain nonattainment area that requested redesignation to attainment status.  This was based on monitoring data from 2005,2006 and 2007 that showed Cleveland close to attainment [0.0853 compared to 0.0853]. 

This month, February 2009 Ohio EPA has prepared an updated attainment demonstration for the Cleveland that incorporates the most recent air monitoring data from the summer of 2008.  Due to ever improving air quality, the updated monitoring data shows Cleveland complies with the Standard [0.084 compared to 0.085 standard]. 

Here is additional detail regarding the two submissions:

2008 Ohio EPA Redesignation Request to U.S. EPA
In the February 2008, Ohio EPA submitted its request to U.S. EPA to have the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain nonattainment area redesignated to attainment. The document included two key conclusions:

1) Monitoring data for 2005-2007 showed the area just above the standard. The data showed 0.853 ppm compared to the 0.85 ppm standard.

2) Ohio EPA was requesting redesignation of the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area based upon modeling that showed it expected the area to attain the standard by 2009. This was known as the "weight of evidence" approach (WOE). Under the WOE policy, U.S. EPA can redesignate an area attainment even though monitoring data shows it has not met the standard.  However, Ohio EPA must provide the federal EPA convincing evidence the area will reach the standard by the 2009 deadline.

Ohio EPA included the following language in the January 2008 submittal to U.S. EPA:

"The (air) modeling results as well as the previously submitted weight of evidence information supports the conclusion that Cleveland-Akron-Lorain OH area should attain the eight-hour ozone standard on time.

In spite of this evidence, Ohio EPA is developing additional emission reduction options. Ohio EPA recognizes that the ozone standard is currently under review and a final revision to the standard will most likely result in a revised standard that will require additional emission reductions above those necessary to achieve the existing standards. Ohio EPA is currently in discussions with U.S. EPA and local stakeholders assessing the options available to meet the future standard, including the use of lower Reid-Vapor Pressure gasoline. "

Bottom line: Ohio EPA left open the possibility it would impose additional control measures to support its WOE demonstration to U.S. EPA.

2009 Revised Ohio EPA Redesignation Request to U.S. EPA: Ozone levels improved significantly in the summer of 2008. The average of the 2006, 2007 and 2008 ozone seasons shows an overall average of 0.84 ppm which is below the 0.85 ppm standard.

This is very good news for the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area. This means Ohio EPA no longer has to propose a WOE approach to U.S. EPA. Rather, Ohio EPA can rely on the real monitoring data which already shows attainment with the standard. As a result, all of the language I quoted above regarding evaluating additional control options has been dropped. In the 2009 submittal Ohio EPA states:

"The Cleveland-Akron-Lorain ozone nonattainment area has attained the 1997 NAAQS for ozone and complied with the applicable provisions of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act regarding redesignations of ozone nonattainment areas...Based on this presentation, the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain ozone nonattainment area meets the requirements for redesignation under the CAA and U.S. EPA guidance....Furthermore, because the area is subject to significant transport of pollutants, significant regional NOx reductions will ensure continued compliance (maintenance) with the standard with an increasing margin of safety."

Bottom line: It appears Ohio EPA is no longer evaluating additional controls to comply with the 1997 ozone standard. In addition, the language referring to "subject to significant transport of pollutants" is a reference to the fact our ozone levels are heavily influenced by emissions from elsewhere in Ohio and the Midwest. This means continued strengthening of programs like CAIR (power plant reductions) will continue to result in improved air quality.

Of course the story does not end here... U.S. EPA is in the process of imposing the new 2008 ozone standard (0.75 ppm). Current monitoring shows Cleveland is a long way from achieving the new standard. Unfortunately, this means Cleveland-Akron-Lorain will not get out from under its nonattainment status anytime in the near future.  But at least we are no longer discussing draconian measures to meet the old ozone standard.

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During Governor Strickland's State of the State he made the "no new taxes" pledge.  However, the Governor did mention that to balance the budget he will propose "new fees, fines and penalties."  No specifics were provided, however, now that details are beginning to take shape the Governor Strickland has been criticized for his roll out of the nearly 120 fee increases.

While there are more significant fee increases on vehicle registration and other health care related services, this being an environmental blog, I will focus on the new ODNR and Ohio EPA fee increases.  As discussed below, it is going to be more costly for businesses (and residents) to get rid of their waste.  This should create even a greater incentive for businesses to look at their practices and see if there are ways to reduce the amount of waste that has to be disposed of in solid waste landfills.   This could be through process changes that reduce the amount of waste generated or it could be recycling/re-use of waste materials generated.

However, the ability to recycle or re-use solid waste generated as part of business operations is dependent upon Ohio EPA's beneficial re-use rules.  Unfortunately, those rules have not come forward which makes it more difficult for businesses to evaluate their options.  While the fee increases may push evaluation of "greener" alternatives to disposal, businesses face uncertainty as long as clear re-use standards are not established.

Here is a link to a spreadsheet put together by the Ohio Office of Budget Management which shows all the fee increases and the projected revenue (which reaches over $1 billion dollars). Here is a breakdown of the proposed fee increases as it relates to the environment:

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
While I was at Ohio EPA, the agency moved from general revenue (GRF) to fees to pay for its programs.  The municipal solid waste tipping fee was chosen because it was a broad based fee that touches residents and businesses.  Due to its broad based application, the Agency could use the funding to support various programs outside of the Division of Solid and Infectious Waste.  Sort of like a tax...right.

The proposed state budget will build upon past fee increases and further increase the MSW tipping fee by $1.25 a ton. This will bring the MSW tipping fee from $3.50 a ton to $4.75 a ton. Of the proposed $1.25 increase,  Twenty-five cents would go to ODNR for the Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The remaining $1.00 will go to Ohio EPA to support various programs.

Construction and Demolition Debris (CDD)
The proposed budget will increase the CDD tipping fee by $2.70 a ton. This will bring the CDD tipping fee from $1.70 a ton to $4.40 a ton. This amounts to an 60% increase in the fees for CDD.  The $2.70 increase would be divided as follows:  $2.25 will go to ODNR for the Soil and Water Conservation Districts and .45 will got to Ohio EPA for operation costs throughout the agency.

Green building practices under the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED program award points for recycling and reuse of construction waste.  With this significant fee increase contractors and project owners should seriously contemplate recycling this material versus disposal even if they are not working on a green building project.

New E-Check Fee
Ohio EPA has proposed an increasing the fee for purchasing new tires by $2.30 per tire.  This fee is projected to generated $15 million in new revenue.  The previous tire fee was used to pay for programs to eliminate tire dumps around the State.  This has been one of the greatest success stories in Ohio.  This increase would be devoted to an entirely new purpose-paying for Ohio's automobile emission testing program (E-check).

Energy Extraction Fees

ODNR for its part has proposed a new fee on oil, coal and natural gas extraction.  Together these fees are projected to generate over $7 million in new revenue.  The energy extraction fees have not been warmly received by industry who argue that raising costs on these energy related resources will simply result in increased costs for individuals and businesses around the state.  

As fees go up for use of resources and disposal of waste, businesses have further incentive to examine green alternatives.  This could be improved energy efficiency. establishment of a co-gen facility that could reduce electric fees, recycling, and reduction of waste streams.

(Photo:D'Arcy Norman/everystockphoto.com)

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On January 12, 2009, U.S. EPA proposed a major revision to its rules implementing the 1997 8-hour ozone standard.

In yesterday's post, I discussed the possibility of E-check expanding in Ohio as a result of U.S. EPA's proposed revisions to implementation of the 1997 8-hour ozone standard (.08 ppm).  Today I want to discuss the larger ramifications of the proposed rule.  The proposal provides a crystal ball type glimpse into how U.S. EPA may implement the 2008 8-hour ozone standard (.075 ppm). 

Depending upon how EPA builds off this proposed rulemaking when developing an implementation rule for the new .075 ppm ozone standard, there could be good news for many areas in the Country, including areas in Ohio.  This is especially true for Cleveland which has been under the most stringent ozone requirements in the State. 

As discussed in yesterday's post, the rigidness of U.S. EPA's requirements is largely dependent upon how areas are classified under the Clean Air Act. The short version- Subpart I good...Subpart II bad.  The chart below captures how EPA requirements ratchet up the more severe your ozone problem.  With each higher classification Subpart II piles on more federal mandates.  Subpart I areas don't carry these same mandates.  In addition, there is no classification system-all areas area considered "basic" non-attainment areas.

In recognition that Subpart II carries with it far more regulatory baggage, in 2004 U.S. EPA tried to expand the scope of Subpart I. In order to expand the scope of Subpart I, U.S. EPA drew a line in the sand at a 1-hour design values of .121 ppm.  Areas below .121 ppm were placed in Subpart I. Using this dividing line, there were 126 areas in country designated "non-attainment" for ozone, 84 were under Subpart I and 42 were under Subpart II.  Cleveland was the only Subpart II area in Ohio.

However, legal challenges resulted in the Court throwing out EPA's dividing line of .121 ppm.  The D.C. Circuit Court said that the Supreme Court required .09 ppm on the 8-hour scale as the level for determining which areas would be subject to Subpart II.  In its latest proposal, EPA acknowledges it has discretion to place areas with an 8-hour design value of less than .09 ppm into Subpart I. EPA is proposing to forgo this option and place all areas under a Subpart II classification because it does not want to delay implementation of the 8-hour ozone standard any further. 

I would predict they will not forgo this option when it comes to implementation of the 2008 8-hour ozone standard of .075 ppm.  I believe they will put all areas with design values less than .09 ppm into Subpart I in order to provide maximum flexibility to the States designing their control plans to meet the standard (referred to as SIPs- State Implementation Plans). 

What is the ozone status in Ohio right now?  Based upon 2005-2008 Air Quality Data here are the current ozone design values for the highest ozone areas in the state.

CINCINNATI- .085 ppm

COLUMBUS- .08 ppm

CLEVELAND- .084 ppm

Based on current air quality Ohio should have no areas close to the .09 ppm cut off for placing areas into Subpart II of the Clean Air Act.  This would include Cleveland which is currently under Subpart II. This is good news for the States.  This approach would give Ohio EPA and other States the maximum flexibility in putting together their SIPs to attain the .075 ppm ozone standard.

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[NOTE: THIS POST WAS REVISED BASED UPON ADDITIONAL REVIEW AND INFORMATION]  The unpopular automobile tail pipe test known as E-check may resurface in Cincinnati under a U.S. EPA proposed rule.  Right now, Cleveland is the only area in Ohio with E-check because the area is under a federal mandate to operate the test.  That federal mandate could expand under a recent U.S. EPA proposal.

E-Check has operated in Ohio since 1995.  It operated for 10 years in Cleveland, Cincinnati and Dayton.  The program was always very unpopular with the general public.  Efforts to discontinue the program were instituted in the Ohio General Assembly on numerous occasions.  Finally, improving air quality and expiration of the 10 year contract allowed both Cincinnati and Dayton to get rid of E-Check back in 2006.  In November 2008 U.S. EPA issued final approval of the removal of E-Check as a control measure for both Cincinnati and Dayton. 

Now E-check may see a resurgence.

U.S. EPA has proposed modifications to the implementation rule for the 1997 8-hour ozone standard.  The implementation rule was issued back in 2004.  The rule was challenged by a group of environmentalists.  In 2006, in response to the challenge, a federal court vacated certain portions of the rule.  U.S. EPA has now issued a revision to the implementation rule in response to the Court decision.

One of the main components of the rule vacated by the Court was the manner in which U.S. EPA classified certain areas under the 1997 8-hour ozone standard.  Some areas with lower ozone levels were classified as Subpart I areas and higher ozone areas were placed under Subpart 2 of the Clean Air Act.  The distinction between Subpart 1 and 2 areas greatly affects the amount of flexibility these areas have in designing the air pollution control plans to comply with the 8 hour ozone standard. 

U.S. EPA attempted to place as many areas under Subpart 1 to provide the greatest degree of flexibility.  Of the 126 areas designated nonattainment, 84 were classified as under Subpart 1, and the remaining 42 as under Subpart 2.  Areas under Supart 2 are further broken down by severity of ozone.  The higher the ozone the higher the classification,  The higher the non-attainment classification the more federally mandated control programs and restrictions will apply to the area. (see next post for a chart on Subpart 2)

Under the old rule, Cleveland fell under Subpart 2 and was classified as a "moderate" non-attainment areas.  "Moderate" non-attainment areas are federally mandated to operate a basic vehicle inspection and maintenance program (I/M program).  Dayton, Cincinnati, Columbus and other areas of the state were classified under Subpart I which carried no federal mandate to run an I/M program like E-check.

Under the proposed rule, all areas designated non-attainment with the 1997 8-hour ozone standard will be classified under and subject to the requirements of Subpart 2 of the Clean Air Act.  If an area has already reached attainment with the 1997 8-hour standard the rule will not apply.  This means Dayton will not be covered under the rule as it has already achieved compliance.  However, areas like Columbus and Cincinnati which have yet to comply with the 1997 8-hour ozone standard risk being reclassified as Subpart 2 non-attainment areas.

Under the proposed rule, EPA would make retroactive classifications based upon 2001-2003 air quality data, not the latest readings which show notable improvement in ozone levels.  If EPA maintains this aspect of this proposal, some areas of the Country will be playing a game of high stakes poker with regard to meeting the 1997 8-hour ozone standard.  EPA states:

Marginal nonattainment areas would have a maximum statutory attainment date of June 15, 2007 and moderate areas a maximum date of June 15, 2010.  Since the marginal area attainment date has passed, EPA proposes that any area that would be classified under the proposal as marginal, and that did not attain by June 15, 2007...would be reclassified immediately as moderate under the rule.

What EPA doesn't specifically address but flows from the statement above is that areas that do not meet the June 15, 2010 deadline as a moderate areas face being bumped up to the "serious" nonattainment classificaiton.  This would not only bring E-check, but a host of stringent federal requirements.

Appendix A to the proposed rule identifies the proposed Subpart 2 Classification for areas likely covered by the rule.  Under the proposal, both Columbus and Cincinnati will be classified as "moderate" non-attainment areas.  The "moderate" designation carries with it the federal mandate to operate an I/M program.

Columbus and Cincinnati could avoid I/M programs if they can fully attain the 1997 8-hour ozone standard before this rule would become effective.  How do things look? 

Columbus:  Ohio EPA has submitted a redesignation request for Columbus which is still under review by U.S. EPA.  Ohio EPA says that the current air quality data from 2005-2008 shows Columbus with a .08 ppm ozone design value.  This is well under the .084 ppm necessary to show compliance.  If recent ozone trends continue Columbus could be redesignated before U.S. EPA finalizes its proposal thereby avoiding any of the complications brought on by the proposed rule.  

Cincinnati:  Ohio EPA submitted a redesignation request for Cincinnati.  However, unlike Columbus, Ohio EPA relies on modeling and not real air quality data in its request for redesignation.  Real air quality data in the SIP submittal shows a design value of .086 ppm.  Even the updated air quality information for 2005-2008 shows Cincinnati with a .085 ppm design value.  While modeling may show  .084 ppm, real air quality data does support the modeling estimates.  The 2009 ozone season could really be make or break for Cincinnati.  If its a bad ozone season, Cincinnati may not only face the return of E-check but a "serious" non-attainment classification which would bring a host of consequences.

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Ohio EPA wants to make it easier for economic development to occur in areas like Cleveland, which are designated "non-attainment" with the federal air quality standards (NAAQS) such as ozone or PM 2.5.   Federal regulations require companies looking to build or expand in these areas to offset their emissions.  Offset is achieved by securing the requisite emission reducition credits from existing companies in the non-attainment area. 

In the past a company had no idea whether sufficient eligible emission reductions had occurred that would allow them to fully offset their emission increases.  Available emission reduction credits was not public information.  This lack of information may have dissuaded companies from considering non-attainment areas for expansion.  This hurts areas like Cleveland which is non-attainment for both ozone and P.M. 2.5.

Ohio EPA will now be establishing a state-wide emission trading bank to help facilitate communication between companies that hold emission trading credits and those that need to purchase the credits to build or expand.  The emission trading bank is in reality a web site that will list the available credits by non-attainment area and pollutant.  It's kind of like a giant advertising billboard for companies holding credits they want to sell.  As further explained below, credits will be listed in the bank as either "verified" or "unverified." 

Ohio EPA has finalized the rules that will govern the emission trading bank, known as the emission reduction credits (ERC) rules.  See,OAC Chapter 3745-111. The rules will become effective on January 8, 2009.  

Basic Overview of Offset Requirement: Under U.S. EPA's New Source Review (NSR) program a company looking to build or expand a facility in a non-attainment area may be required to offset its air emissions before receiving a permit (Permit to Install and Operate- PTIO) to construct the facility from Ohio EPA.  Only new or expanded facilities that are "major" sources need offset their emission.  Generally, a "major" source is a source that will emit over 100 tons of the non-attainment related pollutant or 40 tons if it is an expansion of an existing source.  However, these thresholds vary depending upon the pollutant and how the severity of the non-attainment designation.

Ohio EPA's ERC Program is Voluntary:  There is no requirement to participate in Ohio EPA's emission trading bank.  The ERC rules only apply to those who elect to list their emission credits on Ohio EPA's website.  Private transactions between companies outside of the Ohio EPA's emission trading bank is still permissible.

ERC Program Will List Verified and Unverified Credits:  A company who holds ERC's may elect to have them reviewed and certified by Ohio EPA before listing them.  If Ohio EPA validates the credits they will be considered "verified" and will be listed as such on the web site.  The company will be issued a ERC certificate with a unique number for tracking purposes.

Verified credits have advantages- 1) a buyer should not have to worry as to whether the credits are valid once they turn them in to get their NSR permit; and 2) the permitting process for a new source offsetting its emissions will be faster if it uses verified credits.  For sellers of credits, the disadvantage to verified credits its the administrative costs associated with completing the process. 

Unverified credits can be included in the bank.  However, Ohio EPA's rules will not allow for the transfer of unverified credits.  A company would either have to withdraw the credits and transfer them outside the bank or go through the verification process.

What Types of Activities Generate Credits?  Other states (Pennsylvania, Michigan and New Jersey) have operated banks for a long time with a mixed degree of success.  Studies have shown that 80% of all ERC credits in other states were generated as a result of facility shut downs.  However, ERCs can be generated by installing new pollution control equipment, a change in process or reduced hours if they meet the regulatory requirements (quantifiable, reliable, enforceable and replicable).  Stationary and mobile source reductions can both result in ERCs.

What Should You Consider if You Are a Buyer or Seller of Credits? 

1. Verified credits should be worth more- Verified credits should command a higher price.  They have already been certified by Ohio EPA and therefore carry far less risk than unverified credits.
2. Transfer contracts should allocate risk-  All transfers of credits should be governed by well developed contracts that address the issues associated with the particular transaction.  For instance, are the credits sold "as is" or does the contract contain guarantees as to their validity.  When will payment be made?  What happens if the credits are invalidated?
3. Assess the market-  Whether you are a buyer or seller you should assess the market before making decisions.  What types of credits are available?  How many credits are available?  If you are a buyer, make preliminary inquiries as to price to determine the viability of completing the project.

Are There ERCs in Ohio Right Now?  Ohio EPA has not established the website.  Now that the ERC rules are finalized, Ohio EPA can start to promote the bank.  Hopefully, this will lead to an expansion in the number of credits available.  Based upon limited information from Ohio EPA companies have submitted potential credits for consideration.  Submissions so far include the following types of credits in the locations specified:

Generated in Scioto County
17.75 tons of PM 2.5 ERCs
26.62 tons of SO2 ERCs
14.51 tons of NOx ERCs

Generated in Portage County
57.91 tons of VOC ERCs

Generated in Hamilton County
45.60 tons of VOC ERCs
 

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Senator Tom Niehaus has introduced S.B. 372 bill to extend the effectiveness of Ohio's Environmental Audit Privilege law for another five years.  The law is set to expire on January 1, 2009.  It was a hard fought battle for businesses to get the Audit Privilege law on the books in the late 90's.  While the law was watered down to address U.S. EPA concerns, it remains a valuable tool for some businesses. The law is intended to reward those companies that proactively evaluate their compliance with environmental requirements. 

What is the Ohio Environmental Audit Privilege law?  It is provides immunity from civil penalties if a company voluntarily discloses environmental violations to the appropriate State Agency that were uncovered as a result of an environmental compliance audit.  Note: a civil penalty can still be assessed even after a valid disclosure if the company enjoyed a "economic benefit" as a result of the violation, meaning delayed compliance gave it a competitive advantage.

As a further incentive to utilize the law, the content of an environmental audit report is privileged and not admissible as evidence in a civil or administrative proceeding. (See R.C. §3745.71(C) for exceptions to the privilege provisions)  This provision is meant to reduce exposure to third party suits as a result of environmental violations.

How frequently do businesses use the Audit Privilege Law?  In my experience the law has been used infrequently by Ohio businesses.  During my time at the Ohio EPA, I oversaw the processing of Audit Privilege disclosures.  I would estimate that the Agency received, on average, around four or five disclosures per year during my tenure. 

Why isn't the Audit Privilege Law used more frequently?  I was always puzzled why more companies did not take advantage of the Audit Privilege law.  Some may believe it is better to correct the violation and wait and see if it is discovered by the Agency.  With so many entities to inspect, some companies think it is better to take this risk the violation is discovered than have their disclosure denied for a technical flaw and face an enforcement action.

Other companies may think the administrative costs of performing an audit are too high.  Or some may be under the mistaken belief that Ohio's five year statute of limitations on environmental enforcement actions provides a better shield from penalties.  Just keep in mind that the trigger for the statute of limitations in R.C. §3745.31 is when the Agency "actually knew or was informed" of the violation.  So the Agency must be aware of the violation for the clock to run.

What are some of the reasons a request for coverage is denied?  The disclosure must be voluntary, which means it must not be required by some environmental law.  During my time at Ohio EPA, by far the most frequent reason a company was denied coverage was the disclosure of the violation was required by some other environmental law.  Of those companies denied coverage for this reason, most were Title V permitted sources under the Clean Air Act.   Title V sources are required to disclose violations as part of their permit terms and conditions.  However, even in these cases, the Agency frequently reduced penalties to reward the early disclosure of violations.

Here are additional requirements to be deemed a voluntary disclosure (See R.C.§3745.72(B)):

1. Prompt disclosure
2. Reasonable effort to achieve compliance as quickly as practicable
3. Cooperate with the State Agency who is charged with investigating the disclosure
4. Disclosure not required by law, prior litigation, or a prior order
5. The company disclosing has no knowledge or reason to know of an Agency had previously commenced an investigation or enforcement action regarding the violations

What is involved in filing a disclosure to the appropriate state agency?  Unlike environmental permitting or grant applications, the submission to Ohio EPA to receive coverage under the Audit Privilege law is actually pretty minimal. R.C. §3745.72(C) requires that all disclosures must be in writing, dated, and hand delivered or sent by certified mail to the Director.  The written disclosure must include the following information: 

1. the name, address, and telephone number of the owner or operator of the business making the disclosure;
2. the name, title, address, and telephone number of one or more persons associated with

   the owner or operator who may be contacted regarding the disclosure;

3. a brief summary of the alleged violation of environmental laws, including, without

   limitation, the nature, date, and location of the alleged violation to the extent that the

   information is known by the owner or operator; and

4. a statement that the information is part of an environmental audit report and is being

   disclosed under R.C. §3745.72 in order to obtain the immunity provided by that section.

Are there good reasons to use Ohio's Environmental Audit Privilege Law if it is renewed?  Yes.  During my tenure, I was not aware of any enforcement action that was pursued against a company that made a valid and voluntary disclosure.  Just make sure you are not required to report by some other environmental law. 

I think the law may be ideal for companies that recently purchased a new facility or company.  Performing an environmental audit after such an acquisition is an excellent way to ensure your house is order. 

Also, the audit is a good way to have a third party to evaluate your compliance status.  You can always choose to not file the disclosure if you think its not to your advantage for some reason.

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DERG Round Two Schedule:  Tentatively, Ohio will begin soliciting grant applications on December 15th for the second round of funding under the Diesel Emission Reduction Grant (DERG) program administered by the Ohio Department of Development (ODOD).  DERG will have approximately $11.2 million in available funding in the second round.  The grants pay for retrofits of emission controls, engine rebuilds, and a portion of the purchase price of new diesel vehicles.  Here are the tentative dates as discussed in a meeting with ODOD last week: 

• Monday, Dec. 15: release of the RFP with a press event, media release and posting of application documents on the website.
• Monday, Jan. 12 at 10 a.m.: first of two bidders conferences
• Monday, Feb. 9 at 10 a.m., second bidders conference
• Monday, March 2, applications due
• The selection team will take up to 60 days to review, score and forward successful applications to the Federal Highway Administration. Projects selected for funding will be notified by May 1, 2009

Grants are available to both public and private entities.  Because the source of funding is the federal Congestion Mitigation Air Quality (CMAQ) program, private companies must enter into a contract (called a Public Private Partnership- PPP) with a public entity.  The money follows from the state to the the public entity who then reimburses the company. 

What Does DERG Pay For? Diesel grants are a great way to pay for fuel saving equipment, like auxiliary power units (APUs), that reduce idling.  Engine or vehicle replacements can be partially funded through the DERG program.  Also, companies who want a greener fleet for contract bidding or as part of the company's sustainability efforts can pay for retrofits that dramatically reduce emissions from their diesel engines.  All applications require a twenty percent (20%) match.

Issues With Round One of DERG:  As discussed in prior posts, the DERG program experienced significant problems and delays in the Round One of funding. Most notable, 42 applications were filed in round one, but only 10 applications were deemed complete- all of which received funding.  As a member of the Ohio Diesel Coalition, we have advocated for a series of improvements to the grant application process to ensure a transparent and competitive grant process.

Improvements to DERG Round Two:  Last week, representatives of the Ohio Diesel Coalition, including myself, met with members of an inter-agency team working on the DERG program to review changes to the program. The State's inter-agency team is composed of officials with the Ohio EPA, Ohio Department of Development and Ohio Department of Transportation.  To help improve the overall application process and to ensure complete applications are submitted, the inter-agency team will put in place the following changes for Round Two:
 

1. A concisely written Request for Proposals (RFP) will be released by ODOD
2. A template of the Public Private Partnership agreement (a major stumbling block for many in round one) has been posted on the DERG website
3. All successful round one applications have been posted on the website
4. Applicants are given more time to prepare applications (up to 2 months)
5. Two separate bidders conferences (in person, by telephone or over the web) will be offered in advance of the application due date to answer questions
6. The State developed a consolidated application form to cover all types of projects (retrofits, repowers and replacements)
7. A checklist will be included in the application packet to ensure applicants include all required information

Other Developments:  ODOD made a policy decision to set aside $5 million of the remaining $11.2 million in funding for public transit projects. However, if total transit requests are below $5 million, all other fleets can compete for these funds. There is no ceiling on project amounts, but the minimum amount that could be requested is $20,000 per project.
 

When To Look For The New Application:  The new RFP has not yet been posted on ODOD's web page.  I imagine all the documents, including the RFP, checklist and other documents will be posted on the release date of the RFP (December 15th).  Keep an eye on ODOD's website for this information.  In the meantime, it may be a good idea to evaluate projects and approach a public entity about a PPP contract

(Photo: Flickr terinea/everystockphoto.com)

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It didn't take long for the Deseret Power Decision to come back to Ohio.  The debate is over whether a permit for the proposed coal to liquid fuel plant proposed by Baard Energy and AMP Ohio's new coal power plant can move forward in light of the decision.  Here is a sampling of the debate over the Baard project as it appears in the local paper The Vindicator:

The statements came as the state EPA is on the brink of issuing an air permit for the proposed $5.5 billion Baard Energy plant that would turn coal into liquid fuel. Settles said a decision is expected to be made within the next two weeks.

The air permit would be the final permit needed to begin construction that would be a boost to the local economy. Permits regulating the plant’s effects on water and wetlands have already been approved.

In a statement, the Sierra Club said it went before the EPA Appeals Board in May of this year to request that the air permit for Deseret Power Electric Cooperative’s proposed waste coal-fired power plant in Utah be overturned because it failed to require any controls on carbon dioxide pollution.

The Sierra Club’s statement said the decision means that all new and proposed coal plants nationwide must go back and address their carbon dioxide emissions.
 

AMP Ohio's permit is facing an equal challenge.  In today'sDaily Sentinel, AMP Ohio was a bit cautious in its statements:

Carson (AMP Ohio) also pointed out, the decision was not in Ohio, which has a fully approved state permitting program, and that AMP-Ohio has worked for over a year in cooperation with Ohio EPA in meeting all requirements of Ohio law in regards to getting the plant online. Carson also pointed out the permit for the Utah plant was not denied but sent back to a regional office for reevaluation.

In a press release, the Sierra Club stated: “Two of the largest new coal proposals for Ohio, the AMP-Ohio power plant in Meigs County and the Baard liquid coal plant in Columbiana County, are likely to face setbacks from the ruling. Both companies had previously insisted that carbon dioxide should remain unregulated — an argument rejected in today’s ruling — and had resisted attempts to establish carbon limits in their air permits.”

Obviously there is a disagreement between the Sierra Club and Ohio EPA on how the decision will affect the permits at issue.  While Ohio EPA is correct that it is one federal court decision, the two cases that have had final decisions issued on whether C02 must be evaluated as part of federal New Source Review (NSR) have certainly been more in favor of requiring controls.  The Georgia State court held CO2 is a regulated pollutant and the pollution control analysis (BACT) for the new coal plant had to include controls for CO2.

The Sierra Club is a certainly overstating the decision in Deseret (see their Press Release) by claiming that all new coal plants must address CO2.  As discussed in my last post, the Environmental Appeals Board remanded the permit to U.S. EPA.  The Board said U.S. EPA has discretion to go either way- determine CO2 is a regulated pollutant or decide monitoring requirements are not enough to trigger requirements to control CO2. 

The Board did reject U.S.EPA's basis for saying historical precedent tied its hands from determining monitoring was enough to trigger regulation of CO2.  However, the Board did not say U.S. EPA couldn't develop a defensible position.

What is certain, is there is tremendous uncertainty.  From these comments we can anticipate Ohio EPA will issue the permit (known as "The Ohio River Clean Fuels LLC") without requiring analysis of CO2.  The Baard permit will be challenged and it is totally uncertain as to whether the permit will be invalidated by either a State or Federal Court in Ohio. The AMP Ohio Permit faces similar uncertainty.

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This fall Ohio EPA Division of Surface Water (DSW) has been releasing a series of intertwined rule packages that govern streams and discharges to waterways.  Some business groups have said that the packages represent the most significant overhaul of water regulations in thirty years.

  To date, 3 out of 4 packages have been released:

1. Antidegredation Rule
2. Water Quality Standards
3. Section 401 Water Quality Certification Rule
4. Stream Mitigation Rule (to be released in early 2009)

No doubt the packages are highly technical and cover a myriad of issues.  But what are the implications for businesses in Ohio?

 Boiling down the packages, here are the major changes:

• Creation of a new State Water Quality Permit for impacts to streams
• Complete overhaul of mitigation requirements for stream impacts
• Comprehensive tightening of standards for discharges to water ways (will result in more stringent discharge permits for businesses)
• Standards for drainage ditch maintenance
• Phase out of open lake disposal for dredged sediment from ship channels by the Army Corps of Engineers
• Introduction of a nutrient standard for newly constructed or modified wastewater treatment plants

STATE WATER QUALITY PERMIT

I already discussed the new State Water Quality Permit in a prior post.  I believe Ohio would be the first state in the Country to create a state permit for impacts to streams that are not covered by the Clean Water Act.  The State is reacting to a series of Supreme Court decisions which have reduced federal jurisdiction over waterways and wetlands.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE STANDARDS

Ohio EPA is proposing to tighten standards for some 135 chemicals.  They are also proposing to revise the human health criteria applied to NPDES discharge permits.  The more stringent standards will be incorporated into NPDES permits after they are renewed (NPDES permits have a 5 year life cycle).  Depending on the business and the nature of their discharge, the tighter standards could result in significant upgrades to wastewater treatment plants. 

The biggest question from business groups regarding the strengthening of water quality standards is....Why  now?   Many of the revised standards were part of U.S. EPA updates from 2000. 

MITIGATION FOR STREAM IMPACTS

For wetland impacts, Ohio mitigation requirements are very straightforward and are set forth in rules.  The ratios for required mitigation and the quality of wetland mitigation is all tied to the class of wetland impacted (Ohio classifies wetlands as either Class I, II or III).

Stream mitigation requirements are not straightforward.  Ohio EPA's stream mitigation requirements have been described by developers as a "black box."   The fact is mitigation is decided on a case by case basis, and lack of consistency is a legitimate concern.  To address this longstanding issue, Ohio EPA is attempting to clearly defined mitigation requirements for streams. 

Each of the four packages contain some aspect that is relevant to stream mitigation requirements.  However, until Ohio EPA releases the main rule package on stream mitigation requirements it will be difficult to see how the pieces fit together.  However, certain aspects of the rules that have been release foreshadow what is coming:

• Primary Headwater Habitat Designation- Ohio EPA creates this new designation and creates three classes based on the quality of the stream.  For lower classes, the focus of the designation is hydrology and not aquatic life.  This sets up mitigation requirements.  If you impact a Class I stream by moving or filling it, you will have to restore the hydrology lost as part of your mitigation.
• "Upland Drainage" and "Water Conveyance" Designations- applies to drainage ditches (or what Ohio EPA refers to as "historically channelized watercourses").  The purpose of these new designations for ditches is to encourage better management practices, such as natural stream design when performing maintenance on ditches.  
• "No Net Loss" Principle Applied to Streams-  A legal issue surrounds the amount of impacts that are allowed under antidegredation principles to streams versus wetlands.  For wetlands, there has been a "no net loss" that actually allows destroying an entire wetland if its value is replaced through mitigation.  There is an open legal question as to whether the same flexibility exists for streams.  Ohio EPA is proposing to settle that issue by bringing the "no let loss" principle to streams.

DRAINAGE DITCHES

A source of major controversy in Ohio has been poorly maintained drainage ditches (see the Ohio Environmental Council web page).  Through mother nature's influence over time, drainage ditches can become valuable headwater streams. The controversy occurs when a farmer or County engineer wants to dredge a ditch for drainage or flood control that has not been maintained for many years.  Will the rules even allow them to perform that work if the stream has become a valuable resources, such as a warmwater habitat stream?

NUTRIENT STANDARDS

For the first time in Ohio, the Agency is proposing to require treatment standards for nutrients.  Nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, are one of the most significant causes of water quality impacts in the State (U.S. EPA Nutrient Website for background).  The Agency is proposing to take a step in the direction of regulating this pollutants by requiring treatment for nutrients as part of Best Available Demonstrated Control Technology (BADCT) that will apply to new wastewater treatment plants or modifications to the biological treatment process of an existing plant.

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Al Gore, speaking at the annual meeting of the Clinton Global Initiative, called for young people to perform acts of civil disobedience to stop construction of new coal plants.  He also has called for State Attorney Generals to review whether utilities are committing stock fraud by discounting the threat of global warming. 

I put this post up after writing yesterday about the Arkansas proposal to pass legislation prohibiting construction of new coal plants.  Preventing construction of new coal plants that do not use carbon sequestration appears to be the number one strategy of green groups and those concerned with global warming. 

Ohio could soon be a major battle ground.  While the AMP Ohio facility has received its permit for construction of its new baseload coal power plant, it should be bracing itself for challenges on all fronts. During the public comment period on the new period concern was expressed that the facility would emit 7.3 million tons of CO2 per year.  Right now AMP Ohio appears to be the rare coal plant project that is still moving forward having received its authorization to construct from Ohio EPA.

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Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is a critical strategy proposed for combating climate change.  It involves the injection of CO2, a greenhouse gas, generated by coal-fired power plants and industrial facilities deep beneath the earth's surface for long term storage. 

There are potential significant issues with CCS, including:

1. 1.  Pollutants from the plant mixing with the CO2 that is injected leading to contamination of water supplies;
2. 2.  Potential mobility of CO2 once it is injected; and
3. 3.  Corrositivity of CO2 may result in release of subsurface contaminants into drinking water supplies

The Department of Energy and Coal State's are betting heavily on the success of carbon sequestration.  Federal funds are supporting some 25 projects around the country that will investigate the feasibility of CCS. 

To address the concerns with CCS, U.S. EPA and the States are beginning to develop regulations for CCS projects.  This Summer major developments include release of U.S. EPA's rules and the issuance of an Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit by Ohio EPA for an Ohio test site.

Beginning this month, the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Project (MRCSP) is utilizing FirstEnergy's R.E. Burger Plant as a test site for injection of up to 3,000 tons of CO2. As reported on the MRCSP web page, the period of injection could vary from three to eight weeks, depending on the properties of the injection zones and the time needed for experimental set-up, regulatory oversight and monitoring.

The injection follows Ohio EPA's issuance on September 2, 2008 of a permit to allow the installation and pilot testing of the underground injection well for purposes of carbon sequestration.  This is the first permit issued in Ohio that would allow injection of CO2 subsurface for purposes of carbon sequestration.  Some interesting aspects of the permit include:

1. Injection will occur at three different geologic locations-  the intervals range from 5,923 feet to 8,274 feet below surface.  The intervals are selected to prevent mobility of the injected CO2.
2. Closure financial responsibility-  Total project closeout including closure of the well in accordance with regulatory requirements were estimated at $75,000 to $100,000.  This amount only covers sealing of the well.  No money is set aside in the event any other issues arise. Some may question whether this is sufficient financial assurance if it was anything other than a test site.
3. Monitoring of Injected Fluids-  On a quarterly basis, the injected material will be analyzed for various contaminants including SO2, NOx, particulate matter, and mercury.  The monitoring is an attempt to verify contaminants from the plant are not mixed with the injected CO2.

Issuance of the permit precedes finalization of U.S. EPA proposed rules governing regulation of carbon sequestration projects.   U.S. EPA's proposed rules and Ohio EPA's permit rely on similar legal authority on the Safe Drinking Water Act (SWDA).  The permit together with the proposed rules give insight into how CCS projects could be regulated in the future. Areas covered by both the permit and U.S. EPA's proposed rule include:

• Geologic site characterization to ensure that wells are appropriately sited
• Requirements to construct wells in a manner that prevents fluid movement into unintended zones;
• Periodic re-evaluation of the area around the injection well to verify that the CO2 is moving as predicted within the subsurface;
• Testing of the mechanical integrity of the injection well, ground water monitoring, and tracking of the location of the injected CO2 to ensure protection of underground sources of drinking water;
• Extended post-injection monitoring and site care to track the location of the injected CO2 and monitor subsurface pressures; and
• Financial responsibility requirements to assure that funds will be available for well plugging, site care, closure, and emergency and remedial response.

While the regulations and permitting of CCS are moving forward, not everyone is embracing CCS. In recent testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, serious concerns were raised by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) about the potential effect CCS technology may have on the nation's underground sources of drinking water.  Strong regulations and successful pilot tests will go a long way to addressing these concerns.

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Ohio EPA recently received a letter from U.S. EPA's Region V requesting justification for changes made to the State's air pollution control plan.  The changes to the State plan came about as a result of reform legislation passed by the Ohio Legislature in 2006.  Much has recently been made about the letter sent by U.S. EPA.  There has been two articles (article 1 and article 2) by Spencer Hunt in the Columbus Dispatch discussing the letter.  Also, there was recently an Editorial in the Toledo Blade chastising the Agency for being easy on "polluters" and for failing to timely submit the required information to U.S. EPA. 

Environmental groups have strongly criticized the portion of the legislation that allows smaller facilities (less than 10 tons per year) to avoid installing best available technology (BAT) and install reasonably available control technology (RACT) in its place.  This change has been described as weakening the protection of Ohio's environment.  In reality, it at worst will men minimal increases of pollution from these small sources.  As discussed below, increases that are more than offset by other programs.

I am familiar with these arguments having been at the center of the storm during the legislative debates over S.B. 265.  The editorial and comments strongly criticizing these changes seem to ignore some fundamental facts about Ohio's regulation of air pollution. 

The criticism ignores the fact that federal air quality standards are getting more stringent, not weakening.  Most notably, U.S. EPA recently strengthened the ozone standard.  Ohio still must meet the federal air quality standards.  The state legislation (S.B. 265) provided more flexibility in choosing how to comply.  Bottom line, Ohio's air quality has improved and will continue to improve.

So what was the purpose of the legislation?  Did you know Ohio regulates over 70,000 air sources while its neighbor, Michigan, only regulates 7,000?  This is not because we have so many more sources in Ohio, its because we decided long ago to regulate much smaller sources of air pollution in the state. With Ohio's struggling economy, it makes sense to be more efficient and effective in how Ohio met federal air quality standards.

Maybe this puts the 10 tpy threshold in perspective-the brand new permit for the AMP Ohio Coal fired power plant allows it to emit 3,194 tpy of NOx and 6,820 tons of SO2.  That is one source.  The equivalent of at least 300 or 600 smaller sources taking advantage of the 10 tpy exemption.  (Remember sources less than 10 tpy still must have controls, they just don't have to install more costly controls).

Even when the AMP Ohio facility comes on line, total emissions from Ohio's power plants will be drastically reduced. The total emission budget for Ohio power plants under the federal CAIR program in Ohio is 180,677 tpy of NOx which will be reduced to 95,556 tpy of NOx in 2015.  The reduction of some 85,000 tons of NOx will more than offset any insignificant increase attributable to small sources installing less costly controls.  And that is just one major reduction on-the-books, more reductions will also be forthcoming.

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